The benefits of drawing up a will are widely recognised. In doing so, you make provision for the winding up of your affairs after death.
This not only has advantages for those who will find themselves administering your estate but also gives you peace of mind, knowing that you have selected as executors the individuals best suited for the role and have given them the necessary instructions.
There are also opportunities available to make provision in advance for the possibility of you becoming incapable of managing your own financial and welfare affairs during your lifetime. This becomes increasingly important as the risk of supervening mental incapacity grows through longevity, illness or accident.
An ordinary power of attorney is not an effective provision because it is automatically revoked by mental incapacity – just at the time when it is most needed. The Court of Protection has power to appoint people to manage your affairs, but the procedure can be costly and time-consuming. More importantly, you will have lost the right to choose who will have the responsibility for looking after your affairs at a time when it is vital that they are dealt with efficiently and sympathetically.
Until 1 October 2007, it was possible to appoint someone to safeguard your interests and to act on your behalf in respect of your financial affairs by an Enduring Power of Attorney (EPA), which remains valid even after the individual granting the power (the donor) becomes mentally incapable. A simple procedure enables the attorney to register the EPA with the court and then to proceed as before with little further court involvement.
EPAs made prior to 1 October 2007 will remain valid and be capable of registration for as long as the donor is alive, so EPAs will be around for many years to come.
However, an EPA enabled an attorney to deal only with financial affairs. In addition, it was felt that the relatively simple procedures could result in the system being abused. Therefore, a more complex and robust system was introduced to enable attorneys to be appointed not only to look after a person’s financial affairs but also to make decisions on their behalf relating to health and welfare issues. These types of document are known as Lasting Powers of Attorney (LPAs).
At the time the power is given, the donor must be capable of understanding its nature and effect for it to be valid. It will be necessary to make separate LPAs, one dealing with ‘property and affairs’ and the other to cover ‘personal welfare’ decisions.
LPAs were created by the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA 2005), which covers England and Wales only. MCA 2005 provides a statutory framework to deal with situations where adults lack capacity to make decisions for themselves or who have the capacity, but want to make preparations for a time when they may lack capacity in the future.
A Code of Practice supports the MCA 2005 and provides guidance and information to all those working under the legislation. Certain categories of people are obliged to have regard to the Code of Practice, including attorneys and those acting in a professional capacity, such as STEP members.
At the time the power is given, the donor must be capable of understanding its nature and effect for it to be valid. It will be necessary to make separate LPAs, one dealing with ‘property and affairs’ and the other to cover ‘personal welfare’ decisions.
LPAs were created by the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA 2005), which covers England and Wales only. MCA 2005 provides a statutory framework to deal with situations where adults lack capacity to make decisions for themselves or who have the capacity, but want to make preparations for a time when they may lack capacity in the future.
A Code of Practice supports the MCA 2005 and provides guidance and information to all those working under the legislation. Certain categories of people are obliged to have regard to the Code of Practice, including attorneys and those acting in a professional capacity, such as STEP members.
These are designed for you to appoint attorneys to make a range of decisions including the buying and selling of your house and other assets, dealing with your tax affairs, operating bank and building society accounts and claiming benefits on your behalf. These can be used at your direction while mentally capable and also by the Attorneys if you lack the capacity to make these decisions.
Attorneys appointed under this document can make decisions relating to your living accommodation and care, consenting to or refusing medical treatment on your behalf, and on day-to-day matters such as diet and dress. This can only be used, however, if you have lost the capacity to make decisions for yourself.
Although there are two separate prescribed forms, both contain certain common provisions including statements to be completed by you setting out your details, the attorneys to be appointed and how they are to act, and details of any persons to be notified on the application for registration.
The attorneys must state that they understand their duties and obligations. In addition, the legislation has introduced a person known as ‘the certificate provider’, either some one who knows you well or a professional person. The certificate provider must sign the form to confirm that they have discussed the contents of the LPA(s) with you on your own (if possible) and that they can state that you understand the purpose and scope of the LPA, no undue pressure or fraud is involved in the decision to make an LPA and there are no other factors preventing the creation of the LPA.
Both types of LPA must be registered before they can be used by your attorneys and both can be registered while you still have mental capacity (unless it specifies to the contrary). Registration can be by you or your attorney. As stated previously, a personal welfare LPA can only be used when you no longer have the mental capacity to make particular decisions affecting your health and personal welfare. The cost of registration as at April 2013 is £130 per document.
Although LPAs are detailed, they need to maintain flexibility so that:
Both the Court of Protection and the Office of the Public Guardian (OPG) have roles to play – the Court of Protection can determine issues such as the validity of LPAs, mental capacity (or the lack of it) and the registration and revocation of LPAs.
However, the Court will expect attorneys to seek advice from STEP members or other professionals before involving the Court. The Court would need to be involved if it is necessary to appoint a deputy (formerly known as a receiver) where it is not possible to create an LPA, or a previous EPA or LPA or has been revoked.
The registration of LPAs is dealt with by the OPG, which will maintain a register of all LPAs. Basic information about an LPA can be made available to anyone who makes a search of the register. The OPG should also be contacted if it is suspected that abuse is taking place or the attorneys are not acting in the donor’s best interests.
As can be seen, your legal advisor will be involved in the initial process of advising you about LPAs and they may also act as your certificate provider. Your legal advisor will also be able to advise on the registration process. It may also be appropriate in some cases for your legal advisor to be appointed as an attorney, often with a family member or a close friend.
The above summary applies to English and Welsh Lasting Powers of Attorney made on or after 1 October 2007. Different rules apply in Scotland and Northern Ireland.
Office of the Public Guardian website: http://www.justice.gov.uk/about/opg
For further information please contact :
Hubbard Pegman & Whitney LLP
7 King Street Cloisters, Clifton Walk, King Street, London W6 0GY
Tel : 020 8735 9770 info@hpwsolicitors.co.uk www.hpwsolicitors.co.uk
© STEP 2012 www.step.org The Society of Trust and Estate Practitioners
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